Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2019. Issue 3 (45)

Title: CONVALIDATION OF INVALID TRANSACTIONS IN RUSSIAN LAW
Authors:

E. M. Tuzhilova-Ordanskaya, Bashkir State University

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ORCID: 0000-0001-5529-7946
ResearcherID: H-3662-2016
Articles of «Scopus» & «Web of Science»:       ---

V. E. Lukyanenko, Ulyanovsk State University

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ORCID: 0000-0002-5278-6573
ResearcherID: ---
Articles of «Scopus» & «Web of Science»:       --- 
Requisites: Tuzhilova-Ordanskaya E. M., Lukyanenko V. E. Konvalidatsiya nedeystvitel'nykh sdelok v rossiyskom prave [Convalidation of Invalid Transactions in Russian Law]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Juridicheskie nauki – Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2019. Issue 45. Pp. 519–539. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2019-45-519-539
DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2019-45-519-539
Annotation:

 

Introduction: the article presents some of the problematic issues in researching convalidation of invalid transactions in Russian law. Purpose: to develop an understanding of the legal nature, legal regulation and convalidation of invalid transactions by studying the law enforcement practice and juridical literature. Methods: empiric methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods: juridical dogmatic method and the method of legal norms interpretation. Results: there has been made an attempt to gain an understanding of the invalid transaction convalidation concept as of an integral legal phenomenon and not an individual exception to the general rule about incurability of invalid transactions. Conclusions: as shows the analysis of the provisions of national legislation covering convalidation of invalid transactions, the systemic approach to regulating this legal phenomenon is missing; the norms that establish the possibility of convalidating invalid transactions have unclear wording, the regulation is characterized by a fragmentary nature, which complicates the application of norms, including by courts. The situation is worsened by the existence of the term ‘non-concluded agreement’ (‘failed transaction’) in our legislation, with its subject matter not being doctrinally elaborated and justified. In this connection, it is not a rare case when the court of primary jurisdiction declares a transaction invalid and enforces the consequences of its being invalid, while the court of appellate jurisdiction reverses this decision and qualifies the transaction as failed (non-concluded agreement) and hereupon applies the norms on unjust enrichment. These problems are caused by the absence of the scientific substantiation for the nature of convalidation. Until a certain moment, the widely spread classic theory of the transaction invalidity had viewed the phenomenon under discussion only with respect to the contentious transactions and had deemed it impossible to apply convalidation to void transactions. However, the subsequent development of transactions as well as the necessity to protect the special interests required extension of the convalidation rules to void transactions – in cases explicitly stated by law and through legal action only.

Keywords: civil law; general provisions on transactions; invalid transaction; contentious and void transactions; non-concluded agreement; convalidation (curing) of a transaction.
  download the full-version article
References: 1. Agarkov M. M. Ponyatie sdelki po sovetskomu grazhdanskomu pravu [The Concept of Transactions under Soviet Civil Law]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo – Soviet State and Law. 1946. Issue 3–4. Pp. 41–55. (In Russ.).
2. Annenkov K. N. Sistema russkogo grazhdanskogo prava [The System of Russian Civil Law]. Vol. 1. Vvedenie i obschaya chast' [Introduction and General Part]. St. Petersburg, 1894. 599 p. (In Russ.).
3. Arslanov K. M. Formal'nye trebovaniya k sdelke po zakonodatel'stvu Rossii i Germanii [Formal Requirements for a Legal Transaction in Russian and German Law]. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki. 2014. Vol. 156. Issue 4. Pp. 54–62. (In Russ.).
4. Akhmedov A. Ya., Kosenko E. V. Nedeystvitelnost' sdelok: uchebnoe posobie / A. Ya. Akhmedov, E.V. Kosenko [Invalidity of Transactions: Textbook; A. Ya. Akhmedov, E. V. Kosenko]. Saratov, 2015. 61 p. (In Russ.).
5. Bogdanova E. E. Princip dobrosovestnosti v deystviyakh storon i problemy ozdorovleniya (konvalidacii) nedeystvitel'nykh sdelok [The Principle of Good Faith in the Actions of the Parties and the Problems of Recovery (Convalidation) of Invalid Transactions]. Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika – Laws of Russia: Experience, Analysis, Practice. 2010. Issue 8. Pp. 70–76. (In Russ.).
6. Braginskiy M. I., Vitryanskiy V. V. Dogovornoe pravo [Contract Law]. Book One. Obschie polozheniya. 3-e izd. [General Provisions. 3rd ed.]. Moscow, 2011. 847 p. (In Russ.).
7. Vas'kovskiy E. V. Uchebnik grazhdanskogo prava [Textbook of Civil Law]. Moscow, 2003. 382 p. (In Russ.).
8. Gambarov Yu.S. Grazhdanskoe pravo.
Obschaya chast' / pod red. i s predisloviem V. A. Tomsinova [Civil Law. General Part; ed. by V. A. Tom¬sinov]. Moscow, 2003. 816 p. (In Russ.).
9. Genkin D. M. Nedeystvitelnost' sdelok, sovershennykh s cel'yu, protivnoy zakonu [Invalidity of Transactions Contrary to the Law]. Uchenye zapiski VIYuN. Vyp. V [Proceedings of the All-Union Institute of Jurisprudence. Issue V]. Moscow, 1947. P. 40–57. (In Russ.).
10. Godeme E. Obschaya teoriya obyazatel'stv. Per. s fr. [General Theory of Obligations. Transl. from French]. Moscow, 1948. 511 p. (In Russ.).
11. Grimm D. D. Osnovy ucheniya o yuridicheskoy sdelke v sovremennoy nemeckoy doktrine pandektnogo prava. Prolegomeny k obschey teorii grazhdanskogo prava [Fundamentals of the Doctrine of a Legal Transaction in the Modern German Doctrine of Pandemic Law. Prolegomena to the General Theory of Civil Law]. St. Petersburg, 1900. Vol. 1. 319 p. (In Russ.).
12. Grazhdanskoe pravo: v 2 t. [Civil Law: in 2 vols.]. Vol. I. Uchebnik / оtv. red. prof. E. A. Su¬khanov [Textbook; ed. by E. A. Sukhanov]. Moscow, 1998. 816 p. (In Russ.).
13. Grazhdanskoe pravo: uchebnik: v 3 t. T. 1. / E. N Abramova, N. N. Averchenko, Yu. V. Baygu¬she¬va [i dr.]; pod red. A. P. Sergeeva [Civil Law: Textbook: in 3 vols.; E. N. Abramova, N. N. Averchenko, Yu. V. Baygusheva et al.; ed. by A. P. Sergeev]. Moscow, 2011. Vol. 1. 1008 p. (In Russ.).
14. Grazhdanskiy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federacii. Sdelki. Resheniya sobraniy. Predstavitel'stvo i doverennost'. Sroki. Iskovaya davnost'. Postateynyj kommentariy k glavam 9-12 / B.M. Gongalo, A. V. Demkina, M. Ya. Kirillova i dr.; pod red. P. V. Krasheninnikova [The Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Transactions. Resolutions of Meetings. Representation and Power of Attorney. Time Constraints. Limitation. Article by Article Commentary on Chapters 9–12; B. M. Gongalo, A. V. Demkina, M. Ya. Kirillova et al.; ed. by P. V. Kra¬sheninnikov]. Moscow, 2013. 270 p. (In Russ.).
15. Grazhdanskoe ulozhenie Germanii: Vvodnyj zakon k Grazhdanskomu ulozheniyu - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands mit Einführungsgesetz; per. s nem. / [V. Bergmann, vved., sost.]; nauch. red. T. F. Yakovleva. 4-e izd. [German Civil Code: Introductory Act to the Civil Code – Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands mit Einführungsgesetz; transl. from German; V. Bergmann; ed. by T. F. Yakovleva. 4th ed.]. 2015. 888 p. (In Russ.).
16. Grazhdanskoe ulozhenie. [Civil Code]. Book 1. Polozheniya obschie. Proekt Vysochayshe Uchrezhdennoy Redakcionnoy komissii po sostavleniyu Grazhdanskogo Ulozheniya (s ob"yas¬neniyami, izvlechennymi iz trudov Redakcionnoy komissii) / pod red. I. M. Tyutryumova [Ge¬neral Provisions. A Draft of Imperially Founded Editorial Commission on Drawing up the Civil Code (with Explanations Extracted from the Proceedings of the Drafting Committee); ed. by I. M. Tyut¬ryumov]. Moscow, 2007. 226 p. (In Russ.).
17. Gutnikov O. V. Nedeystvitel'nye sdelki v grazhdanskom prave. Teoriya i praktika osparivaniya [Invalid Transactions in Civil Law. Theory and Practice of Contestation]. Moscow, 2003. 576 p. (In Russ.).
18. Dyatlov E. V. Soglasie kak yuridicheskiy fakt v rossiyskom i nemeckom grazhdanskom prave [Consent as a Legal Fact in Russian and German Civil Law]. Mezhdunarodnoe publichnoe i chastnoe pravo – Public International and Private International Law. 2014. Issue 1. Pp. 29–32. (In Russ.).
19. Egorova M. A. Konvalidaciya nedeystvitel'nykh dogovorov na osnovanii principa estoppel v rossiyskom grazhdanskom zakonodatel'stve [Convalidation of Invalid Contracts on the Basis of Estoppel Principle in Russian Civil Legislation]. Access from the legal reference system 'ConsultantPlus'. (In Russ.).
20. Ioffe O. S. Pravootnoshenie po sovetskomu grazhdanskomu pravu [Legal Relationship under Soviet Civil Law]. Leningrad, 1949. 143 p. (In Russ.).
21. Kommentariy k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossiyskoy Federacii. [Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation]. Part 1. Uchebno-prakticheskiy kommentariy / pod red. A. P. Sergeeva [Practical-Training Commentary; ed. by A. P. Sergeev]. Moscow, 2010. 912 p. (In Russ.).
22. Krasavchikov O. A. Kategorii nauki grazhdanskogo prava [Categories of Science of Civil Law]. Izbrannye trudy: V 2 t. [Selected Works: in 2 vols.]. Moscow, 2005. Vol. 2. 494 p. (In Russ.).
23. Krasavchikov O. A. Yuridicheskie fakty v sovetskom grazhdanskom prave [Legal Facts in Soviet Civil Law]. Moscow, 1958. 183 p. (In Russ.).
24. Marchenko M. N. Problemy teorii gosudarstva i prava: uchebnik [Problems of Theory of State and Law: Textbook]. Moscow, 2005. 768 p. (In Russ.).
25. Meyer D. I. Russkoe grazhdanskoe pravo: V 2 ch. Po ispravlennomu i dopolnennomu 8-mu izd., 1902. Izd. 3-e [Russian Civil Law: in 2 parts. On the corrected and amended 8th ed., 1902. 3-rd ed.]. Moscow, 2003. 831 p. (In Russ.).
26. Morandière de la L. Julliot. Grazhdanskoe pravo Francii / per. s fr. E. A. Fleyshic [French Civil Law; transl. from French by E. A. Fleyshits]. Moscow, 1958. 742 p. (In Russ.).
27. Nizamova G. Kh. Mezhsistemnye svyazi doktriny neprotivorechivogo povedeniya (estoppel') kak sredstva konvalidacii dogovora [Intersystem Relations of the Doctrine of Consistent Behavior (Estoppel) as a Means of Convalidation of the Treaty]. Mezhsistemnye i mezhotraslevye svyazi v pravovoy sfere: materialy VIII Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii studentov i aspirantov / sost.: I. R. Asatullin, T. R. Bakhiya, D. A. Valeev [Intersystem and Intersectoral Relations in the Legal Sphere: Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Postgraduates; I. R. Asatullin, T. R. Bakhiya, D. A. Valeev]. Kazan, 2013. Vol. 1. Pp. 88–90. (In Russ.).
28. Novickiy I. B. Sdelki. Iskovaya davnost' [Transactions. Limitation]. Moscow, 1954. 247 p. (In Russ.).
29. Pravovaya sistema Niderlandov / оtv. red. d.yu.n., prof. V. V. Boycova, d.yu.n., prof. L. V. Boycova [The Legal System of the Netherlands; ed. by V. V. Boytsova, L. V. Boytsova]. Moscow, 1998. 432 p. (In Russ.).
30. Pukhan I., Polenak-Akimovskaya M. Rimskoe pravo (bazovyj uchebnik). Perevod s makedonskogo [Roman Law (Basic Textbook); transl. from Macedonian]. Moscow, 1999. 448 p. (In Russ.).
31. Rabinovich N.V. Nedeystvitelnost' sdelok i ee posledstviya [Invalidity of Transactions and Its Consequences]. Leningrad, 1960. 171 p. (In Russ.).
32. Sanfilippo Ch. Kurs rimskogo chastnogo prava [A Course of Roman Private Law]. Moscow, 2002. 400 p. (In Russ.).
33. Sbornik raz"yasneniy Verkhovnogo Suda RSFSR / pod red. I. L. Bulata. Izdanie chetvertoe [A Collection of Explanations of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR; ed. by I. L. Bulat. 4th ed.]. Moscow, 1935. 388 p. (In Russ.).
34. Sklovskiy K. I. Sdelka i ee deystvie (3-e izdanie). Kommentariy glavy 9 GK RF (ponyatie, vidy i forma sdelok. Nedeystvitel'nost' sdelok) [The Transaction and Its Validity (3rd ed.). Commentary on the Chapter 9 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Concept, Types and Forms of Transactions. Invalidity of Transactions)]. Access from the legal reference system 'ConsultantPlus'. (In Russ.).
35. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava: uchebnik / V. L. Kulapov, A. V. Mal'ko [Theory of State and Law: Textbook; V. L. Kulapov, A. V. Mal'ko]. Moscow, 2013. 784 p. (In Russ.).
36. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava: uchebnik / A. S. Pigolkin, A. N. Golovistikova, Yu. A. Dmitriev; pod red. A. S. Pigolkina, Yu. A. Dmitrieva.
2-e izd. [Theory of State and Law: Textbook; A. S. Pigolkin, A. N. Golovistikova, Yu. A. Dmitriev; ed. by A. S. Pigolkin, Yu. A. Dmitriev. 2nd ed.]. Moscow, 2009. 743 p. (In Russ.).
37. Tuzov D. O. Nichtozhnost' i osporimost' yuridicheskoy sdelki [The Insignificance and Voidability of Legal Transaction]. Moscow, 2006. 204 p. (In Russ.).
38. Heyfec F. S. Nedeystvitel'nost' sdelok po rossiyskomu grazhdanskomu pravu [Invalidity of Transactions under Russian Civil Law]. Moscow, 1999. 164 p. (In Russ.).
39. Shershenevich G. F. Uchebnik russkogo grazhdanskogo prava. V 2 t. [Textbook of Russian Civil Law. In 2 vols.]. Moscow, 2005. Vol. 1. 461 p. (In Russ.).
40. Enneccerus L. Kurs germanskogo grazhdanskogo prava [The Course of German Civil Law]. Vol. 1. Pt. 2. Vvedenie i obschaya chast' / Per. s nem. [Introduction and General Part; transl. from German]. Leningrad, 1950. 483 p. (In Russ.).
41. Oertmann P. Osnovy ucheniya o vidimosti prava [Fundamentals of the Doctrine of Visibility of Law]. Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava – Civil Law Review. 2011. Issue 4. Pp. 273–305. (In Russ.).
42. Yablochkov T. M. Iscelenie poroka formy v dogovorakh [Healing of Form Defect in Contracts]. Vestnik sovetskoy yusticii – Bulletin of Soviet Justice. 1926. Issue 6. Pp. 231–233. (In Russ.).
43. Bydlinski F. Privatautonomie und objektive Grundlagen des verpflichtenden Rechtsgeschaftes. Springer, 1967. 230 p. (In Germ.).
44. Canaris C. W. Die Vertrauenshaftung im deutschen Privatrecht. C. H. Munich: Beck, 1971. 491 p. (In Germ.).
45. Drexelius M. Irrtum und Risiko, Rechts vergleichende Untersuchung und Reform vorschlage zum Recht der Irrtumsanfechtung. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin: Metzner, 1964. (In Germ.).
46. Koziol H. Von der rechtsgeschaftlichen Bindung zur Vertrauenshaftung. Festschrift fur Gert Iro zum 65. Geburtstag. Sonderdruck; ed. by St. Perner, O. Riss. Jan Sramek Verlag, 2013. Pp. 81–100. (In Germ.).
47. Loser P. Die Vertrauenshaftung im schweizerischen Schuldrecht. Bern: Stämpfli, 2006. 169 p. (In Germ.).
48. Manigk A. Das rechtswirksame Verhalten. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1939. 541 p. (In Germ.).

Received: 09.02.2019
Financing: ---
The Perm State University
614068, Perm, street Bukireva, 15 (Faculty of Law), +7 (342) 2 396 275
vesturn@yandex.ru
ISSN 1995-4190 ISSN (eng.) 2618-8104
ISSN (online) 2658-7106
DOI 10.17072/1995-4190
(с) Editorial board, 2010
The magazine is registered in Federal Agency of supervision in sphere of communication and mass communications.
The certificate on registration of mass media ПИ № ФС77-33087 from September, 5th, 2008
The certificate on reregistration of mass media ПИ № ФС77-53189 from Marth, 14th, 2013

The magazine is included in List ВАК and in the Russian index of scientific citing

The founder & Publisher: the State educational institution of the higher training
“The Perm State University”.
Publishing 4 times a year